Hawaiian tropical dry forests

Hawaiian tropical dry forests

An ʻiliahi (Santalum paniculatum) at Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park.
Ecology
Biome Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Borders Hawaiian tropical low shrublands, Hawaiian tropical rainforests and Hawaiian tropical high shrublands[1]
Geography
Area 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi)
Country United States (Hawaii)
Conservation
Conservation status Critical/Endangered[2]
Global 200 Yes[3]

The Hawaiian tropical dry forests are a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi) on the leeward side of the main islands and the summits of Niʻihau and Kahoʻolawe. These forests are either seasonal or sclerophyllous.[2] Annual rainfall is less than 127 cm (50 in) and may be as low as 25 cm (9.8 in);[4] the rainy season lasts from November to March.[5] Dominant tree species include koa (Acacia koa), koaiʻa (A. koaia), ʻakoko (Euphorbia spp.), ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), lonomea (Sapindus oahuensis), māmane (Sophora chrysophylla), loulu (Pritchardia spp.), lama (Diospyros sandwicensis), olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis), wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis), and ʻiliahi (Santalum spp.). Endemic plant species in the dry forests include hau heleʻula (Kokia cookei), uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis), and Gouania spp. The Palila (Loxioides bailleui), a Hawaiian honeycreeper, is restricted to this type of habitat.[2]

Contents

Prehistoric dry forests

The plant composition of Hawaii's dry forests has changed rather dramatically since the arrival of Polynesians, excluding the deliberate introduction of non-native species.[5] Fossilized pollen has shown that loulu (Pritchardia spp.) forests with an understory of Ka palupalu o Kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis) and ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa) existed on the islands' leeward lowlands[6] from at least before 1210 B.C. until 1565 A.D. Populations of loulu and ʻaʻaliʻi still exist in diminished form, while only two Ka palupalu o Kanaloa specimens have ever been seen in the wild.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hawaii Tropical Dry Forests". Bioimages. Vanderbilt University. http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/70202frame.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
  2. ^ a b c Gon, S.; D. Olson. "Hawaii tropical dry forests (OC0202)". WWF Full Reports. World Wide Fund for Nature. http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0202_full.html. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
  3. ^ Olson, David M.; Eric Dinerstein (2002). "The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for Global Conservation" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 199-224. http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/WWFBinaryitem4810.pdf. 
  4. ^ "Hawaii tropical dry forests (OC0202)". WildWorld Ecoregion Profiles. National Geographic Society. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0202.html. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 
  5. ^ a b "The Hawaiian Islands". Tropical Dry Forests of the Pacific. University of California, Los Angeles. http://www.geog.ucla.edu/tdfpacific/hawaii.html. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 
  6. ^ James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ddi/2008/00000014/00000003/art00001?crawler=true. 
  7. ^ Bohm, Bruce A.. "Rare Delights in Hawaiʻi". Floridata. http://www.floridata.com/tracks/bruce/raredelightsofHawaii.cfm. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 

External links